Often being envious of others or believing that others are envious of them.Lacking empathy (unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others).Being interpersonally exploitative (taking advantage of others to achieve their own ends).A sense of entitlement (unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with their expectations).Believing that they are "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions).Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) describes NPD as possessing at least five of the following nine criteria. However, there is an almost complete lack of studies determining the effectiveness of treatments. Psychotherapeutic treatments generally fall into two categories: psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy, with growing support for integration of both in therapy. Its high comorbidity with other mental disorders influences treatment choice and outcomes. Criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). These patterns develop by early adulthood, and are associated with significant distress or impairment. Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring and inflexible maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by any culture. It is often comorbid with other mental disorders and associated with significant functional impairment and psychosocial disability. Narcissistic personality disorder is one of the sub-types of the broader category known as personality disorders.
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